On the Biology of the Whiting, Gadus Merlangus, in Manx Waters

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Abstract
The biology of whiting in Manx waters has been investigated at different stages of the life-cycle, with special reference to their diet. Planktonic postlarvae occurred chiefly in May, these measured between 4.5 and 16.5 mm, and had fed chiefly on Pseudocalanus. Larger whiting (between 21 and 52 mm) were taken in association with Rhizostoma. They were approximately 2–4 months old, and had fed on copepods supplemented with Hyperia and euphausiid furcilia. Immature whiting 77 mm long appeared in July in a shallow sandy bay—a nursery area. The fish were about 4–5 months old, and fed on swarming amphipods, isopods and mysids after dark, when these organisms were free-swimming. This diet was supplemented to an appreciable extent during the following April-June quarter by the inclusion of juvenile Ammodytes. After staying for nearly 1 year in the nursery area, the bulk of the fish appear to migrate to the open sea.In the open-sea habitat, the immature fish fed chiefly on euphausiids, decapods and sprats—nektonic forms particularly. These whiting are themselves eaten by larger whiting in the same habitat. Adult whiting (over 220 mm) were taken only offshore, and fed chiefly on euphausiids, Crangon, Pandalus, Pasiphaea, Clupea and gadoids. A few samples taken off the east coast of I.o.M. indicated that the whiting are capable of feeding on infauna and plankton in an environment deficient in active epifauna and nekton. The whiting is an active feeder throughout the year.Two length-weight relationships have been calculated for Manx whiting: nursery-area, and open-sea fish—the latter gain weight more rapidly than the former would be expected to do.

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