Implicational Universals and Interrogative Structures in the Interlanguage of ESL Learners

Abstract
The validity of two implicational universals regarding constituent order in questions is tested in the English speech of 14 native speakers of Japanese, Korean, and Turkish. The interlanguage evidence is found to be generally supportive of the two universals. Some fundamental methodological problems are discussed which are attendant upon testing universals not only in interlanguages but in linguistic systems of any kind.