The Influence of Bacterial Superinfection on the Clinical Course of Influenza: Studies from the Influenza Epidemics in Stockholm during the Winters 1969–70 and 1971–72

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Abstract
During two epidemics of influenza A infection in Stockholm 1969–72, 249 cases were selected for a study on the effect of bacterial superinfection. Bacterial involvement was demonstrated through cultures and serologic reactions. The occurrence of C-reactive protein in increased amount in serum was significantly more common in the group which had the strongest indication of bacterial infection. An increased duration of fever, and a higher incidence of pneumonia, leukocytosis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate over 50 mm/l*** h was also the rule in cases with bacterial involvement. During both epidemics the bacteria most often involved were pneumococci.