Biphasic modulation of pituitary sensitivity to GnRH by oestrogens: the effects of A- and D-ring substitution on LH release in cultured pituitary cells

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Abstract
The sensitizing effect of oestrogens on GnRH-stimulated LH release was evaluated in pituitary cells from adult female rats, cultured for 2 days in the presence of 10−13 to 10−6 m concentrations of oestradiol and selected A- and D-ring modified oestrogens. With almost all steroids tested, bell-shaped dose-response curves with comparable LH-maxima but different EDmax values were obtained for the LH response to a submaximal GnRH stimulus (5 × 10−10 m). Maximal LH response to 5 × 10−10 m GnRH were found at the following oestrogen concentrations: oestradiol and 4-hydroxyoestradiol = 10−11 m; 2-methyloestradiol = 10−9 m; 2-hydroxyoestradiol = 10−8 m; with 4-methyloestradiol no significant maximum was observed. When cells were pretreated with 10−13, 10−11 and 10−9 m oestradiol, or 4-hydroxyoestradiol, or 2-hydroxyoestradiol, and exposed to increasing concentrations of GnRH (10−11 to 10−7 m), an almost 10-fold decrease in the ED50 for GnRH was observed after pretreatment with 10−11 m oestradiol and 4-hydroxyoestradiol. With 2-hydroxyoestradiol at this concentration, the sensitizing effect was much less pronounced. Increasing the steroid concentration to 10−9 m slightly decreased the effect of oestradiol and 4-hydroxyoestradiol, whereas it increased the effect of 2-hydroxyoestradiol. Thus, at the target cell 4-hydroxyoestradiol has the same potency as oestradiol, while 2-hydroxyoestradiol is significantly less active. The sensitizing effect of oestradiol is only slightly decreased by the presence of a methyl group in position 2, but is markedly reduced by a methyl group in position 4. Our results also demonstrate the high sensitivity of the pituitary to oestrogen-induced enhancement of GnRH-stimulated gonadotrophin release, as well as the decrease of the positive effect at high oestrogen concentrations. The bell-shaped dose-response curves for oestrogen action should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of oestrogens and their derivatives upon gonadotrophin release from the pituitary gland.