Endoscopic management of nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding

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Abstract
Endoscopic management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been expanded from a purely diagnostic role to a therapeutic role in many patients. In addition to controlling active bleeding, it is an option in a patient who is clinically at a high risk of rebleeding, or in patients who have peptic ulcers with visible vessels or stigmata indicating high risk. Several methods have been studied, and currently the most useful include thermal cautery with the heater probe or bipolar electrocoagulation, and injection using epinephrine and/or sclerosants. Endoscopic hemostasis can effect permanent control of bleeding in many patients, but should be considered complementary to conventional surgical control in other patients, where temporary control to stabilize the patient is a desired end.