Aleurone nuclear proteins bind to similar elements in the promoter regions of two gibberellin-regulated ?-amylase genes

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Abstract
Binding of nuclear proteins from wild oat aleurone protoplasts to the promoter regions of two gibberellin-regulated wheat α-amylase genes (α-Amyl/18 and α-Amy2/54) has been studied by gel retardation and DNase 1 footprinting. Gel retardation studies using 300–430 bp fragments of the promoters showed similar binding characteristics with nuclear extracts from both gibberellin A1-treated and untreated protoplasts. DNase 1 footprints localised binding of nuclear proteins from gibberellin A1-treated aleurone protoplasts to regions in both promoters. Similar sequence elements in the promoter regions of both genes were protected from digestion although the location and number of footprints in each promoter region were different. Each footprint contained either a sequence similar to the cAMP and/or phorbol ester response elements, or a hyphenated palindrome sequence. The presence of cAMP and/or phorbol ester response element-like sequences in the footprints suggests that transcription factors of the bZIP type may be involved in the expression of α-amylase genes in aleurone cells. Footprints containing hyphenated palindrome sequences, found in the promoter regions of both genes, suggest the possible involvement of other classes of transcription factor. The conserved α-amylase promoter sequence TAACAGA was also shown to bind nuclear protein in the α-Amy2/54 promoter. These observations are discussed in relation to α-amylase gene expression in aleurone and to functional data concerning these genes.