Growth and Nutrient Consumption of Elk Calves Compared to Other Ungulate Species

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Abstract
For captive elk (C. elaphus nelsoni), data are presented on milk composition; milk, dry feed, and water intake; and corresponding rates of gain by maternally raised calves. Milk averaged 19.8% dry matter, 6.2% protein, 7.5% fat, 4.1% lactose and 1.1% ash during the 1st 3 mo. of lactation. Milk intake peaked at 21 days, but gradually declined during the following 2 mo. The decline in milk intake preceded the start of significant dry-feed intake, which after 40 days became increasingly important in meeting the calf''s requirements. Formulas are presented for estimating milk-intake levels for maternally or bottle-raised ungulates or for estimating the net lactation requirement of free-ranging ungulates based upon infant size and observed or desired rates of gain.