Cell and Molecular Regulation of Endothelin-1 Production during Hepatic Wound Healing

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Abstract
During hepatic wound healing, activation of key effectors of the wounding response known as stellate cells leads to a multitude of pathological processes, including increased production of endothelin-1 (ET-1). This latter process has been linked to enhanced expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1, the enzyme that converts precursor ET-1 to the mature peptide) in activated stellate cells. Herein, we demonstrate up-regulation of 56- and 62-kDa ECE-1 3′-untranslated region (UTR) mRNA binding proteins in stellate cells after liver injury and stellate cell activation. Binding of these proteins was localized to a CC-rich region in the proximal ECE-1 3′ UTR base pairs (the 56-kDa protein) and to a region between 60 and 193 base pairs in the ECE-1 3′ UTR mRNA (62 kDa). A functional role for the 3′ UTR mRNA/protein interaction was established in a series of reporter assays. Additionally, transforming growth factor-β1, a cytokine integral to wound healing, stimulated ET-1 production. This effect was due to ECE-1 mRNA stabilization and increased ECE-1 expression in stellate cells, which in turn was a result of de novo synthesis of the identified 56- and 62-kDa ECE-1 3′ UTR mRNA binding proteins. These data indicate that liver injury and the hepatic wound healing response lead to ECE-1 mRNA stabilization in stellate cells via binding of 56- and 62-kDa proteins, which in turn are regulated by transforming growth factor-β. The possibility that the same or similar regulatory events are present in other forms of wound healing is raised.