Characterization and molecular cloning of a flavoprotein catalyzing the synthesis of phytofluene and ζ‐carotene in Capsicum chromoplasts

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Abstract
In plants, ζ‐carotene is the first visible carotenoid formed in the biosynthetic pathway through the following two‐step desaturation reaction: phytoene→phytofluene→ζ‐carotene. Using Capsicum annuum chromoplast membranes and the reconstitution system previously described [Camara, B., Bardat, F. & Monéger, R. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 127, 255–258], we have attempted to purify the desaturase(s) catalyzing these reactions. The two activities were coincidental during all the purification procedures. Only a single polypeptide with 56 ± 2 kDa was detected by SDS/PAGE of all active fractions. The enzyme contained protein‐bound FAD. Antibodies raised against the purified polypeptide selectively precipitated the phytoene and the phytofluene desaturase activities, thus demonstrating that the enzyme is a bifunctional flavoprotein. The antibodies were used to isolate a full‐length cDNA clone from which was deduced the primary structure of the desaturase which contains a characteristic dinucleotide‐binding site. Overexpression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli allowed the production of a recombinant desaturase which had all the properties of the chromoplast desaturase. The phytoene/phytofluene desaturase mRNA levels were extremely low in green fruits and increased slightly before detectable carotenoid synthesis and remained constant throughout ripening. However, the desaturase activity and protein levels were found to increase significantly during the chloroplast to chromoplast transition in C. annuum fruits.

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