Effect of Prone Positioning Systems on Hemodynamic and Cardiac Function During Lumbar Spine Surgery: An Echocardiographic Study

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Abstract
Prospective randomized study of patients undergoing spine surgery. To compare changes in hemodynamic and cardiac function after prone positioning using different prone positioners. Prone positioning decreases blood pressure and cardiac function. Several studies have evaluated changes in cardiac function after prone positioning, and linked them to reduced venous return and ventricular compliance. This study compares different prone positioners using transesophageal echocardiography, and determines their effect on cardiac function and hemodynamics. After correction of fluid deficits with the patient under stable anesthesia, hemodynamic and cardiac performance was measured using transesophageal echocardiography. After prone positioning, repeat measurements were performed, and comparisons were made between prone and supine positions. No intergroup differences in demographics, fluid deficit, baseline hemodynamics, or differences from supine to prone position were noted. Cardiac output decreased with the Wilson (Union City, CA) and Siemens AG (Munich, Germany) frames, while cardiac index and stroke volume decreased with the Andrews (Hollywood, CA), Wilson, and Siemens systems. Cardiac preload decreased using the Andrews frame. The Jackson spine table (Hollywood, CA) and bolsters had the least effect on cardiac performance. Adequate fluid replacement reduced hypotension and hemodynamic instability after prone positioning. The Jackson spine table and longitudinal bolsters had minimal effects on cardiac function, and should be considered in patients with limited cardiac reserve.

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