Lovastatin Induces Apoptosis in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

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Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma causes profound morbidity and nearly universal mortality that is refractory to conventional treatment with aggressive surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. We report that pharmacologic concentrations of lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, induced apoptosis in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Mesothelioma cell viability was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by lovastatin (5 to 30 microM). These effects were not reversed by exogenous growth factors or cholesterol, but were reversed by addition of 100 microM mevalonate, confirming that lovastatin affected mesothelioma viability by inhibiting mevalonate synthesis. Lovastatin appeared to decrease mesothelioma viability by inducing apoptosis, as indicated by morphologic changes, histologic evidence of nuclear condensation and degeneration, and flow-cytometric analysis of DNA content. Lovastatin's effects on cell viability were partially reversed in the presence of farnesol, and treatment of mesothelioma cells with a specific farnesyl-protein transferase (FTP) inhibitor decreased cell viability and induced morphologic changes indistinguishable from those caused by lovastatin. In addition, lovastatin-treated cells showed translocation of ras guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins from membrane to cytosolic fractions on Western blots, suggesting that lovastatin's effects on mesothelioma were mediated in part by disrupting acylation of GTP-binding proteins. Thus, lovastatin is a commercially available and clinically well-tolerated agent that reduces viability and induces apoptosis of mesothelioma cells, and may provide the basis for adjunctive treatments of patients with mesothelioma.