Formation of transitory intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds accompanies the folding and oligomerization of simian virus 40 Vp1 in the cytoplasm

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Abstract
Pentamer formation by Vp1, the major capsid protein of simian virus 40, requires an interdigitation of structural elements from the Vp1 monomers [Liddington, R. C., Yan, Y., Moulai, J., Sahli, R., Benjamin, T. L. & Harrison, S. C. (1991) Nature (London) 354, 278-284]. Our analyses reveal that disulfide-linked Vp1 homooligomers are present in the simian virus 40-infected cytoplasm and that they are derived from a 41-kDa monomeric intermediate containing an intrachain disulfide bond(s). The 41-kDa species, emerging within 5 min of pulse labeling with [(35)S]methionine, is converted into a 45-kDa, disulfide-free Vp1 monomer and disulfide-bonded dimers through pentamers. The covalent oligomer formation is blocked in the presence of a sulfhydryl-modifying reagent. We propose that there are two stages in this Vp1 disulfide bonding. First, the newly synthesized Vp1 monomers acquire intrachain bonds as they fold and begin to interact. Next, these bonds are replaced with intermolecular bonds as the monomers assemble into pentamers. This sequential appearance of transitory disulfide bonds is consistent with a role for sulfhydryl-disulfide redox reactions in the coordinate folding of Vp1 chains into pentamers. The cytoplasmic Vp1 does not colocalize with marker proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. This paper demonstrates in vivo disulfide formations and exchanges coupled to the folding and oligomerization of a mammalian protein in the cytoplasm, outside the secretory pathway. Such disulfide dynamics may be a general phenomenon for other cysteine-bearing mammalian proteins that fold in the cytoplasm.