Effects of nicotine on oviducal blood flow and embryo development in the rat

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Abstract
Nicotine (5.0 mg/kg) was injected (s.c.) twice daily on day 1 or days 1-4 or 1-5 of pregnancy. Cumulative doses of nicotine retarded embryo cell cleavage and substantially reduced embryo cell number (saline vs. nicotine: 42.5 .+-. 1.7 vs. 22.1 .+-. 1.9 nuclei/embryo, at 1200 h on day 5; P < 0.05). Treatment for even 1 day (day 1) significantly reduced cell number (saline vs. nicotine: 42.5 .+-. 1.7 vs. 30.5 .+-. 0.9, at 1200 h day on day 5; P < 0.01). Nicotine injection also resulted in a marked and prolonged reduction in oviduct blood flow (pretreatment vs. 90 min after nicotine: 0.61 .+-. 0.06 vs. 0.37 .+-. 0.10 ml/min/g; P < 0.005). In the rat, even a brief exposure to nicotine, the chief alkaloid of tobacco, reduces oviducal blood flow and the rate of embryo cell proliferation. The embryo is therefore susceptible to the effects of nicotine before implantation.