Metabolism of D-glucose in a wall-less mutant of Neurospora crassa examined by carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonances: effects of insulin

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Abstract
13C NMR and 31P NMR have been used to investigate the metabolism of glucose by a wall-less strain of Neurospora crassa (slime), grown in a supplemented nutritionally defined medium and harvested in the early stationary stage of growth. With D-[1-13C]- or D[6-13C] glucose as substrates, the major metabolic products identified from 13C NMR spectra were [2-13C] ethanol, [3-13C] alanine, and C1- and C6-labeled trehalose. Several observations suggested the existence of a substantial hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt: (i) a 70% greater yield of ethanol from C6-than from C1-labeled glucose; (ii) C1-labeled glucose yielded 19% C6-labeled trehalose, while C6-labeled glucose only 4% C1-labeled trehalose; (III) a substantial transfer of 13C from C2-labeled glucose to the C2-position of ethanol. 31P NMR spectra showed millimolar levels of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), phophodiesters, and diphosphates including sugar diphosphates and polyphosphate. Addition of glucose resulted in a decrease in cytoplasmic Pi and an increase in sugar monophosphates, which continued for at least30 min. Phosphate resonances corresponding to metabolic intermediates of both the glycolytic and HMP pathways were identified in cell extracts. Addition of insulin (100 nM) with the glucose had the following effects relative to glucose alone: (i) a 24% increase (P < 0.01)in the rate of ethanol production; (ii) a 38% increase (P < 0.05) in the rate of alanine production; (iii) a 27% increase (P < 0.05) in the rate of glucose disappearance. Insuline thus increases the rates of production of ethanol and alanine in these cell, in addition to increasing production of CO2 and glycogen, as previously shown.