Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Tunneling Work for the Mass Rapid Transit System in Singapore

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Abstract
The potential health hazards associated with underground tunnel construction work are numerous. The environmental assessments and control of these hazards in both free air and compressed air tunneling during the construction of the Mass Rapid Transit system in Singapore are discussed. Overall, the relative humidity and the levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were higher in compressed air tunnels. Noise and dust exposures were the main hygiene problems in most tunneling work. Oxygen deficiency was not a problem. Exposure to significant levels of ammonia was experienced where marine soil was encountered during compressed air tunneling. In general, mechanical ventilation was essential in controlling the air contaminants and the thermal environment. Personal protection was required when adequate control by engineering means was not feasible. Wong, P.H.; Phoon, W.H.; Tan, K.T.: Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Tunneling Work for Mass Rapid Transit System in Singapore. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 3:240–243; 1988.

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