Cholera toxin modulates the T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex but not the CD2 molecule and inhibits signaling via both receptor structures in the human T cell lymphoma Jurkat

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Abstract
The human T cell lymphoma Jurkat can be activated by stimuli directed either against the T cell antigen receptor-CD3 antigen complex (TcR/CD3) or the CD2 molecule. Stimulation of cells via the TcR/CD3-complex or via the CD2 molecule increases inositol phosphates and cytoplasmic free calcium. Pretreatment of Jurkat cells with cholera toxin leads to a decrease of TcR/CD3 expression on the surface of the cells, while the expression of CD2 is unaffected. In contrast to this distinct effect on the receptor expression, signaling via both pathways is inhibited by cholera toxin. The most convincing explanation for the cholera toxin-mediated inhibition of signaling is that cholera toxin interrupts the signaling pathways at a point where both, stimulation via TcR/CD3 and via CD2, use the same route. The earliest common point of the two signaling pathways, at least in the Jurkat cell line, seems to be the CD3 complex because after its down-regulation (and functional inactivation) both pathways of activation are interrupted.