Demagnetizing fields in magnetic measurements. II. Bulk and surface imperfections

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Abstract
Imperfections such as pores, cracks, surface pits, and scratches perturb the magnetization in an otherwise uniform material as a result of the long-range nature of magnetic dipole forces. A number of simple computer simulations have been made which allow semiquantitative estimates of the effects of imperfections in typical experimental situations. The results show that the perturbations will be particularly significant near phase transitions and in experiments using very thin samples and a localized measuring probe.

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