Preferential Inhibition of LDL Oxidation by the all-trans Isomer of β-Carotene in Comparison with 9-cis β-Carotene

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Abstract
The synthetic all-trans isomer of beta-carotene was recently shown to possess antioxidant properties towards the formation of oxidized low density lipoprotein. In the present study, the binding of the all-trans and the 9-cis isomers of beta-carotene to plasma lipoproteins was investigated, and the effect of these isomers on the susceptibility of plasma lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation and on macrophage uptake of oxidized LDL were studied. Both the synthetic all-trans isomer of beta-carotene and the natural beta-carotene from the algae Dunaliella Bardawil [which is composed of the all-trans (70%) and the 9-cis (30%) isomers], were found to bind similarly to all plasma lipoproteins, following the incubation of beta-carotene with purified lipoproteins or with whole plasma. Incubation of the beta-carotene isomers with whole plasma, followed by separation of the lipoproteins, revealed substantial carotene binding to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and to LDL and limited binding to high density lipoprotein (HDL). Lipid peroxidation of VLDL and LDL were significantly inhibited by beta-carotene. The synthetic beta-carotene, however, was twice as effective as the Dunaliella beta-carotene in inhibiting LDL lipid peroxidation (following LDL incubation with copper ions). Cellular degradation of oxidized lipoproteins (mediated via the scavenger receptor) was decreased by 40% and 18%, respectively, when they were prepared by incubation in the presence of synthetic or natural beta-carotene; the control oxidized LDL was prepared in the absence of beta-carotene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)