Skagi and Langjökull Volcanic Zones in Iceland: 1. Petrology and structure

Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
The compositional variation of basalts in a 220‐km‐long profile through the length of the northward extension of the western volcanic zone of Iceland shows an abrupt discontinuity at 65° 10′N, separating high iron‐titanium type light‐rare‐earth‐element (REE)‐enriched tholeiitic basalts in the Skagi zone (2.5–0.5 m.y.) to the north from Mg‐Al‐rich olivine tholeiites with REE patterns unfractionated in relation to chondrites in the Langjökull zone (0.7 m.y. to Recent) to the south. Geophysical evidence indicates that the chemical discontinuity may coincide with steepening of presently existing geothermal gradients and thickening of the Iceland crust from south to north. The two basalt groups exhibit striking petrographic contrasts. Skagi basalts contain phenocrysts of augite, plagioclase, olivine, and minor Fe‐Ti oxides and have liquidus temperatures ranging from 1150° to 1170°C. Langjökull basalts are predominantly olivine and plagioclase‐phyric, with minor chromian spinels and liquidus temperatures near 1230°C. Petrologic mixing calculations indicate that major element dispersion within Skagi can be accounted for by 15–17% extraction of plagioclase, augite, and olivine in proportions of 4:3:1. The observed major element range in the Langjökull group is consistent with 33–55% extraction of these same phases in the proportions 2.5:1.5:1. On the basis of major element chemistry alone the Skagi magma can be derived by 41–43% fractional crystallization of Langjökull magma, ascribed to filtering through a thicker crust. However, variable degrees of melting related to the thermal gradients are also required for genesis of these magmas to account for the REE variations observed (Schilling et al., 1978); combination of both processes is therefore invoked.