Visual preferences of imprinted ducklings are altered by the maternal call.

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Abstract
Whether the visual characteristics of a familiar (imprinted) model or the auditory characteristics of the species maternal call are more important in determining the maternal preferences of visually imprinted ducklings was studied. Domestic mallard (Peking) ducklings were visually imprinted to a stuffed model of a mallard duck during a 30-min following trial at 24 h after hatching. Simultaneous choice tests between the familiar mallard model and an unfamiliar red-and-white-stipped box at 48 h and 72 h confirmed the efficacy of the imprinting procedure. When both models were silent, subjects preferred to follow the familiar mallard model. When a recording of the mallard maternal assembly call was played from a speaker mounted inside the red box, subjects imprinted to the mallard preferred to follow the unfamiliar box rather than the familiar mallard model. That preference was not due merely to the audiovisual stimulation provided by the box, since when a recording of intermittent tones was played from the mallard model, subjects imprinted to the mallard still preferred to follow the red box emitting the mallard call. Playing only the tones from the red box disrupted the stability of the subjects'' imprinted preferences between the 1st and 2nd tests but did not produce a preference for the box. The mallard maternal call is apparently more important than visual experience with an inanimate model in determining the maternal preferences of visually imprinted Peking ducklings.