Rebuttal

Abstract
Each of the three replies demonstrates a continuing vitality of the positivist ideology critically opposed in the original essay (Iano, 1986). Forness and Kavale propose a strategy of research and theory development that belongs to the natural science-technical tradition. Lloyd's claim, that he has found logical fallacies undermining the major theses of the essay, seems to be based on misinterpretations of the arguments and also on the mistaken belief that prescriptions of textbook logic can be used to resolve ideological debates. Neither Lloyd nor Carnine is successful in their attempts to show there is no basis for my claim that the natural science-technical program of research has failed to achieve its stated aims.