Places of Change

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Abstract
Special education is in danger of disintegration due to (a) justified criticisms of implementational failures, and (b) unjustified criticisms from reformers and detractors, mostly having to do with its conceptualization and the separate placement of some students with disabilities. Needed reforms in specialeducation include(a) constructing defensible rival philosophies, (b) improving the preparation and support of specialeducation teachers, and (c) putting educational methods on a sound scientific footing.