Approximate Symmetries and Pseudo-Goldstone Bosons

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Abstract
In theories with spontaneously broken local symmetries, renormalizability sometimes forces the scalar field interactions to have a larger group of symmetries than the gauge field interactions. Symmetries can then arise in zeroth order which are violated by finite higher-order effects, thus providing a possible natural explanation of the approximate symmetries observed in nature. Such theories contain spinless bosons which behave like Goldstone bosons, but which pick up a small mass from higher-order effects.

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