Optimizing the energy resolution of planar retarding potential analyzers

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Abstract
The energy resolution of a planar retarding potential analyzer can be optimized by using multiple retarding grids and varying the potential applied to the outermost grids. When properly biased, such an analyzer configuration can closely approach the energy resolution of an ideal device. As an added benefit, such an analyzer can be made highly transparent without sacrificing energy resolution. Experimental results verify the solutions of particle‐tracking codes for multiple‐grid configurations.