Whole Milk Reverse Osmosis Retentates for Cheddar Cheese Manufacture: Cheese Composition and Yield

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Abstract
The impact of concentrating whole milk by reverse osmosis prior to Cheddar cheese making was studied. Heat treated, standardized, whole milk was reduced in volume by 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% prior to cheddar cheese manufacture. Milk solids at various milk volume reductions were 11.98, 12.88, 13.27, 14.17 and 15.05%, respectively. Permeates contained only traces of organic matter and would not create a significant by-product handling problem for a cheese plant. Solids content of the whey from cheese making increased with increasing milk concentration. Proximate compositions of reverse osmosis cheeses were comparable to control cheeses. Fat losses decreased, and fat retained in the cheese increased with increased milk solids concentration. Improved fat recovery in the cheese was related to the amount of mechanical homogenization of milk fat during the concentration process. Actual, composition adjusted and theorectical cheese yields were determined. Increased retention of whey solids and improved fat recovery gave cheese yield increases of 2-3% above expected theorectical yields at 20% milk volume reduction. Water removal from whole milk prior to Cheddar cheese manufacture gave increased productivity and cheese yield without requiring different cheese-making equipment or manufacturing procedures.