Age and Zebu-Holstein Additive and Heterotic Effects on Lactation Performance and Reproduction in Brazil

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Abstract
Data of 6482 lactations from 14 crossbred (Holstein .times. Zebu) herds in Brazil were used to study breed additive and heterosis effects for first, second, third, and first to fifth lactation milk yields, age at first calving, calving interval, and milk yield .div. calving interval, as well as the effect of age calving on milk yield. Holstein additive expressed as deviation from Zebu and heterosis effects were highly significant for all traits. For each percent of Holstein gene contribution an increase of 10.02, 12.02, 12.51, and 12.15 kg of milk were expected for first, second, third, and first to fifth lactation yields, respectively. Corresponding heterosis effects on those traits were 3.80, 3.39, 4.02, and 3.90 kg of milk for each percentage of heterozygosity. Replacement of pure Zebu genes by Holstein genes reduced age at first calving by 6 mo and shortened calving interval by 37 d. Holstein .times. Zebu heterotic effect decreased age at first calving by 2 mo and calving interval by 39 d. Holstein additive interval by 39 d. Holstein additive and heterosis effects for milk yield .div. calving interval were 3.4 and 1.3 kg of milk/d, respectively. Fitting breed additive and heterozygosity effects accounted for 99% of the genetic effects except for first to fifth lactation milk yield.