Preferred genetic evolutionary sequences in human breast cancer: A case study

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Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry studies were performed on the cells of an aggressive human breast cancer at the time of diagnosis and at relapse. The aneuploid cells that overexpressed large amounts of both HER‐2/neu and ras survived intensive chemotherapy and were responsible tumor relapse. At relapse, these cells were shown to overexpress simultaneously at least five oncogenes: HER‐2/neu, ras, EGF receptor, p53 and c‐myc. A partial reconstruction of the genetic evolutionary sequence in this tumor indicated that HER‐2/neu overexpression was an early step in the sequence. Subsequent HER‐2/neu overexpression, EGF receptor overexpression and p53 protein overexpression were each associated with ras overexpression. The data suggest that ploidy and oncogene overexpression cannot be used as independent clinical prognostic factors. The ability to characterize tumors according to the degree of advancement in the genetic evolutionary might serve as a basis for genetic staging for adjuvant therapy.