Oxidative capacity of tissues contributing to thermogenesis in eider (Somateria mollissima) ducklings: changes associated with hatching

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Abstract
The development of liver and skeletal muscle oxidative capacities during hatching of the common eider (Somateria mollissima) in the Arctic has been investigated by monitoring tissue cytochrome c oxidase activity. The specific activity of the liver enzyme did not change as the embryo underwent hatching, nor during subsequent growth of the duckling into adulthood. Thigh muscle enzyme specific activity increased by a factor of 3.4 during the 24 h prehatching period, remained elevated for at least 48 h after hatching, and then returned to the embryonic (−24 h) level in adults. Histochemically visualized NADH-tetrazolium reductase of a typical red thigh muscle, M. vastus lateralis, showed a distinct increase in activity as the hatching process progressed to completion. Electron microscopy of sectioned M. vastus lateralis revealed a dramatic increase in the density of the myofibrillar structure (number of mitochondrial profiles per unit area), and in the surface area of mitochondrial crista membranes in the course of the 48 h interval from 1 day prehatching to 1 day after hatching. The significance of these changes for the scaling of thermoregulatory heat generation in the newly hatched eider duckling is discussed.