Tunable two-dimensional photonic crystals using liquid crystal infiltration

The photonic band gap of a two-dimensional photonic crystal is continuously tuned using the temperature dependent refractive index of a liquid crystal. Liquid crystal $E7\mathrm{}$ was infiltrated into the air pores of a macroporous silicon photonic crystal with a triangular lattice pitch of 1.58 $\mu$m and a band gap wavelength range of 3.3–5.7 μm. After infiltration, the band gap for the H polarized field shifted dramatically to 4.4–6.0 μm while that of the E-polarized field collapsed. As the sample was heated to the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the liquid crystal $\left(59\mathrm{}°\mathrm{C}\right),$ the short-wavelength band edge of the H gap shifted by as much as 70 nm while the long-wavelength edge was constant within experimental error. Band structure calculations incorporating the temperature dependence of the liquid crystal birefringence can account for our results and also point to an escaped-radial alignment of the liquid crystal in the nematic phase.