Selection affecting enzyme polymorphisms in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster

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Abstract
Gene frequencies at nine polymorphic enzyme loci were followed in 22 cage populations of D. melanogaster all founded from the same stock but subsequently maintained in different environments. The three factors distinguishing the different environments were temperature and the alcohol and yeast in the medium and for each factor each population experienced either a constant or variable condition. The variable conditions were either coarse-grained (period between changes longer than the generation time) or fine-grained (the period less than the generation time). Six polymorphisms were found to be unaffected by any experimental condition. However, the various constant temperatures tested differed in their effects on Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), Amylase (Amy) and Isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh-NADP) gene frequencies. Furthermore, coarse-grained variation between high and low temperatures increased Amy and Idh-NADP heterozygosity and decreased Amy heterozygosity while fine-grained variation between such temperatures promoted Amy heterozygosity. In addition, joint coarse-grained variation for the type of alcohol and yeast promoted Amy and Idh-NADP heterozygosity as well as heterozygosity averaged over all nine loci. In general, the results suggested two major modifications to the hypothesis of a positive relationship between environmental and genetic variability. First, they indicated that the relationship is not always positive. It varies both between loci and between environments. Second however, they indicated that the relationship is more likely to be positive when the environmental variability is coarse- rather than fine-grained.