The Representativeness of State-Level Bureaucratic Leaders: A Missing Piece of the Representative Bureaucracy Puzzle

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Abstract
This article applies the theory of representative bureaucracy to state-level political appointees. The theory hold that the demographic composition of the bureaucracy should mirror the demographic composition of the general public In this way, the preference of a heterogeneous population will be represented in bureaucratic decision making. New measures introduced in the article provide a more comprehensive picture of the extent to which demographic groups are truly represented in state government bureaucracies In addition the study offers a detailed breakdown of policy leaders by gender race, and ethnicity. Our findings show that, in most cases, women and people of color are not well represented in top policy making positions in state governments across the country. We also find that in most cases, women and people of color have achieved even lower levels of representation than ir evident from earlier studies, which focus almost exclusively an the representation of these groups in career posts.