MOLECULAR EVENTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPADNAVIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA

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Abstract
▪ Abstract Chronic hepadnavirus infection is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in natural hosts such as humans, woodchucks, and Beechey ground squirrels. Several possible oncogenic mechanisms have been identified, including a potential role of the hepadnavirus x (hbx) gene, which transactivates transcription regulated by certain cis-acting sequences, e.g. regulatory sequences of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and heterologous regulatory sequences of other viruses and cellular genes. The oncogenic potential of hbx is suggested by the observation of HCCs in hbx transgenic mice, the oncogenic transformation of cells expressing hbx in culture, and the transactivation of oncogenes c-myc and c-jun by hbx. Cis-activation of cellular oncogenes N-myc and c-myc by viral promoter insertion has been a common finding in woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-associated HCCs of woodchucks. No such cis-activation of any cellular gene has been shown in virus-associated HCCs of ground squirrels or humans. Amplification...