Quantitation of N-Acetyl-S-(9,10-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-phenanthryl)-l-cysteine in Human Urine: Comparison with Glutathione-S-transferase Genotypes in Smokers

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Abstract
There are major interindividual differences in carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism in humans, and it has been hypothesized that these differences may be related to cancer risk in smokers and other exposed people. One important pathway of PAH metabolism involves the detoxification of the epoxide and diol epoxide metabolites by reaction with glutathione, catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs). Interindividual differences in these pathways have been examined by genotyping methods, investigating polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTP1. We are developing a phenotyping approach to assessing individual differences in PAH metabolism by quantifying human urinary metabolites of the ubiquitous PAH phenanthrene (1). In this study, we developed a method for quantitation of a mercapturic acid, N-acetyl-S-(9,10-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-phenanthryl)-l-cysteine (PheO-NAC, 12), the end product of the reaction of phenanthrene-9,10-epoxide (11) with glutathione. [D(10)]PheO-NAC was added to the urine as internal standard, and the PheO-NAC fraction was enriched by solid-phase extraction. PheO-NAC was quantified by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring. The detection limit was approximately 4 fmol/mL of urine. PheO-NAC was detected in the urine of 46 of 104 smokers, mean (S.D.) 57.9 +/- 144 fmol/mL. PheO-NAC was detected significantly more frequently (P < 0.0001) in subjects who were GSTM1 positive than in those who were GSTM1 null, and the levels of PheO-NAC were significantly higher in the GSTM1 positive subjects, consistent with a role for GSTM1 in the detoxification of phenanthrene-9,10-epoxide. There were no significant relationships between PheO-NAC levels and the occurrence of two GSTP1 polymorphisms. The results of this study provide the first evidence for a PAH-derived mercapturic acid in human urine and should be useful in the development of a phenotyping approach to assess individual differences in PAH metabolism.