Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications

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Abstract
By means of the newly developed Replamineform process, the unique pore microstructures found in the skeletal calcium carbonate of certain reef corals can be replicated or reproduced with high precision in a wide variety of materials suitable for hard tissue implant and prosthetic applications. The advantages of fabricating porous biomaterials with this method include closely controlled size of both the pore diameters and the diameters of the pore interconnections, and virtually complete interconnection of the uniformly spaced pores. These properties are of great importance in implant devices, because tissue ingrowth, the stimulation of new bone formation, the suppression of undersirable scar tissue, the inhibition of adverse body responses, and firm biological fixation of the implanted material all depend upon the nature of the pore-microstructure configuration. Replamineform preparation of Al2O3, TiO2, hydroxyapatite, silver, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and polymers is described in detail, and the characterization procedures used to determine the physical and structural properties of their materials are discussed. A few of the routinely measured characteristics include (1) quantitative computerized SEM image analysis for determining the volume, size and shape distributions of the macro and microporosity and the grain size measurement of the solid: (2) nondestructive x-radiography of specimens to reveal any internal defects; (3) mechanical strength measurements of randomly selected specimens. Experimental results up to now clearly demonstrate the superiority of microstructures imparted to metals, ceramics, and polymers with the Replamineform process.