Development of Rotary Blood Pump Technology: Past, Present, and Future

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Abstract
Even though clinical acceptance of a nonpulsatile blood flow was demonstrated almost 45 years ago, the development of a nonpulsatile blood pump was completely ignored until 20 years ago. In 1979, the first author's group demonstrated that completely pulseless animals did not exhibit any abnormal physiology if 20% higher blood flows were provided to them. However, during the next 10 years (1979–1988), minimum efforts were provided for the development of a nonpulsatile, permanently implantable cardiac prosthesis. In 1989, the first author and his team at Baylor College of Medicine initiated a developmental strategy of various types of nonpulsatile rotary blood pumps, including a 2‐day rotary blood pump for cardiopulmonary bypass application, a 2 week pump for ECMO and short‐term circulatory assistance, a 2 year pump as a bridge to transplantation, and a permanently implantable cardiac prosthesis. Following the design and developmental strategy established in 1989, successful development of a 2‐day pump (the Nikkiso‐Fairway cardiopulmonary bypass pump) in 4 years (1989–1993), a 2 week pump (Kyocera gyro G1E3 pump) in 6 years (1992–1998), and a bridge to transplant pump (DeBakey LVAD—an axial flow blood pump) in 10 years (1988–1998) was made. Currently, a permanently implantable centrifugal blood pump development program is successfully completing its initial Phase 1 program of 5 years (1995–2000). Implantation exceeded 9 months without any negative findings. An additional 5 year Phase II program (2000–2005) is expected to complete such a device that will be clinically available.