Hemocyte-Mediated Melanization of Microfilariae in Aedes aegypti

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Abstract
The melanization response of adult female Aedes aegypti (black-eyed Liverpool strain) against intrathoracically inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed with transmission electron microscopy. The initial reaction involved the lysis of hemocytes at or near the surface of the parasite prior to the deposition of pigment. Subsequently, melanin formation was noted in the area of lysed cells and appeared to cascade onto the parasite surface. Observations suggest that melanin may be synthesized within certain hemocytes and released by exocytosis or upon cell lysis. Intact and disrupted nuclei and cytoplasmic elements from lysed hemocytes became numerous as mff became completely coated with melanin. A double membrane-like structure formed around the melanized mff and cellular debris during the later stages of the reaction, which eventually isolated the melanin capsule from hemolymph components. Results obtained are discussed in relation to the melanization response previously described for Aedes trivittatus.