Reconciling differences in drug effects on behavior punished or maintained by response‐produced shock

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Abstract
Comparable patterns of behavior maintained by different events are affected similarly by certain drugs and differently by others. The present paper argues that patterns of behavior maintained by response‐produced shock (“shock‐maintained behavior”), although similar in appearance to lever pressing maintained by more conventional positive reinforcers, are generated through differential punishment of long interresponse times; hence, drug effects on this behavior should more closely resemble drug effects on pressing suppressed by punishment. Because the operants suppressed in these procedures are diametrically opposed (long interresponse times vs. pressing), the baseline patterns of behavior will differ (suppressing long interresponse times produces high rates of pressing, punishing pressing produces low rates). Furthermore, any drug‐induced changes in the frequency of the punished operant will result in what appear to be dissimilar drug effects if the rate of only one operant class serves as the dependent variable. That is, drugs that increase the rate of pressing that has been suppressed by punishment should increase long interresponse times similarly suppressed. This results in an overall increase in pressing rate under typical punishment procedures, but a decrease in overall pressing rates (an increase in the rate of punished long interresponse times) under shock‐maintenance procedures. Hence, similar drug effects on these inversely related operants should generate opposite changes in pressing rate under the two sets of procedures. A review of the literature revealed this to hold true in 12 of 15 cases. Drug effects on comparable patterns of pressing maintained by shock or food presentation split more evenly. The literature indicates that, of 21 such, comparisons between pressing maintained under fixed‐interval schedules of food or shock, ten yielded comparable drug effects under both, and 11 yielded dissimilar effects. These results suggest that what appear to be dissimilar drug effects on pressing maintained or suppressed by shock may in fact be similar effects on the inversely related operants differentiated under these procedure.

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