A comparison of the fecundities of two species of toad (Bufo bufo and B. calamita) from different habitat types in Britain

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Abstract
The fecundities of Natterjack toads, Bufo calamita, on a Cumbrian dune system and a relict heathland site in Hampshire were compared and contrasted with the fecundity of Common toads, B. bufo, on the Cumbrian dunes. For both species, fecundity was positively correlated with length, while in B. calamita length was also correlated with size of eggs produced, and age of the female. Bufo calamita was found to invest more energy exponentially in egg production with increasing length, and therefore age. This species also laid more than twice as many eggs as comparably‐sized female B. bufo, and some probably produced two clutches of spawn per year in southern England. The enhanced fecundity of the species was believed to be an adaptation to living in areas with unpredictable spawning sites. Small female B. bufo on the dunes appeared to put more energy into egg production when small than individuals of the same species on other habitat types in Britain, possibly as a result of reduced life expectancy on the dune habitat. There was a link between old age and the production of non‐viable spawn in B. calamita, and males of this species which spawned at the end of the prolonged breeding season were found to have reduced fertilization efficiency when spawning on consecutive evenings.