Structural properties of water: Comparison of the SPC, SPCE, TIP4P, and TIP5P models of water

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Abstract
Molecular-dynamics simulations were carried out for the SPC, SPCE, TIP4P, and TIP5P models of water at 298 K. From these results we determine the following quantities: the absolute entropy using the two-particle approximation, the mean lifetime of the hydrogen bond, the mean number of hydrogen bonds per molecule, and the mean energy of the hydrogen bond. From the entropy calculations we find that nearly all contributions to the total entropy originates from the orientation effects. Moreover, we determine the contributions to the total entropy which originate from the first, second, and higher solvation shells. It is interesting that the limits between solvation shells are clearly visible. The first solvation shell (0.22<r<0.36nm) contributes approximately 43J∕molK to the total entropy; the second solvation shell (0.36<r<0.60nm) contributes approximately 12J∕molK, while contributions from the third and other solvation shells are very small, approximately 2J∕molK in summary. This indicates that water molecules are strongly ordered up to 0.55-0.6 nm around the central water molecule, and beyond this limit the ordering diminishes. The results of calculations (entropy and hydrogen bonds) are compared with the experimental data for the choosing of the best water model. We find that the SPC and TIP4P models reproduce the best experimental values, and we recommend these models for computer simulations of the aqueous solution of biomolecules.