The intrinsic radioresistance of glioblastoma-derived cell lines is associated with a failure of p53 to induce p21 BAX expression

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Abstract
Radiation is the primary modality of therapy for all commonly occurring malignant brain tumors, including medulloblastoma and glioblastoma. These two brain tumors, however, have a distinctly different response to radiation therapy. Medulloblastoma is very sensitive to radiation therapy, whereas glioblastoma is highly resistant, and the long-term survival of medulloblastoma patients exceeds 50%, while there are few long-term survivors among glioblastoma patients. p53-mediated apoptosis is thought to be an important mechanism mediating the cytotoxic response of tumors to radiotherapy. In this study, we compared the response to radiation of five cell lines that have wild-type p53: three derived from glioblastoma and two derived from medulloblastoma. We found that the medulloblastoma-derived cell lines underwent extensive radiation-induced apoptotic cell death, while those from glioblastomas did not exhibit significant radiation-induced apoptosis. p53-mediated induction of p21 BAX is thought to be a key component of the pathway mediating apoptosis after the exposure of cells to cytotoxins, and the expression of mRNA encoding p21 BAX was correlated with these cell lines undergoing radiation-induced apoptosis. The failure of p53 to induce p21 BAX expression in glioblastoma-derived cell lines is likely to be of biologic significance, since inhibition of p21 BAX induction in medulloblastoma resulted in a loss of radiation-induced apoptosis, while forced expression of p21 BAX in glioblastoma was sufficient to induce apoptosis. The failure of p53 to induce p21 BAX in glioblastoma-derived cell lines suggests a distinct mechanism of radioresistance and may represent a critical factor in determining therapeutic responsiveness to radiation in glioblastomas.