Acute toxicity of the herbicide bromoxynil to Daphnia magna
- 1 August 1993
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Vol. 12 (8) , 1455-1468
- https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120813
Abstract
The acute toxicities of technical‐grade bromoxynil octanoate (BO) and two commercial formulations, Buctril® and Bronate®, to < 24‐h‐old neonate Daphnia magna (Straus) were determined in soft, hard, and oligosaline water. In addition, effects of life stage, feeding, aging the herbicide, and exposure duration on BO toxicity to daphnids were investigated. Regardless of formulation, life stage, and water quality, BO was found to be extremely to highly toxic to daphnids in standard tests; 48‐h EC50 values ranged from 41 to 161 m̈g/L. Bromoxynil octanoate was the most toxic to neonates in soft water and the least toxic in hard water. The acute toxicities of the three bromoxynil herbicides to a given age group of daphnids were similar within the same water type. Overall, neonates and 7‐d‐old adults were more sensitive than 14‐ or 15‐d‐old adults to each herbicide. Feeding daphnids during the toxicity test significantly decreased BO toxicity compared to not feeding them. Aging BO (as Buctril) in hard water decreased its toxicity, and the rate of deactivation was rapid, with an estimated half‐life of biological activity of 13 h. Daphnids immobilized by exposures to toxic BO concentrations for ≤ 6 h recovered their mobility, whereas exposures of 18 and 24 h to BO produced toxic effects in daphnids similar to those exposed for 48 h. These results indicated that standard continuous exposure tests may not adequately predict the acute toxicity of BO to freshwater animals in the field.Keywords
This publication has 25 references indexed in Scilit:
- Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows Exposed to FenthionPublished by ASTM International ,2008
- Effect of exposure time on the acute toxicities of permethrin, fenitrothion, carbaryl and carbofuran to mosquito larvaeEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1991
- Acute toxicity of pure pentachlorophenol and a technical formulation to three species ofDaphniaArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1991
- Acute toxicity of selected herbicides and surfactants to larvae of the midgeChironomus ripariusArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1989
- Relationships among models for acute toxic effects: Applications to fluctuating concentrationsEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1988
- Comparison of laboratory toxicity test results with responses of estuarine animals exposed to fenthion in the fieldEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1987
- Effect of age on sensitivity of Daphnia Magna to cadmium, copper and cyanazineEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1986
- Toxicity of fenitrothion to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and alternative exposure duration studies with fenitrothion and endosulfanArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1984
- Uptake, depuration, and distribution of selenium inDaphnia and its effects on survival and ultrastructureArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1980
- Acute toxicity studies of surfactants toDaphnia magna andDaphnia pulexArchives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1979