Electronic simulation of Josephson tunneling, including the effects of frequency, temperature, and the superconducting energy gap

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Abstract
An electronic device which simulates the Werthamer theory of Josephson tunneling is described. The simulator includes the effects of frequency, temperature, and the superconducting energy gap. The nonlinear quasi-particle resistance, and the related reactive term, are also modeled. Current-voltage characteristics obtained with the simulator are presented for a variety of temperatures under both current and voltage bias conditions. Phenomena such as subgap structure, the Riedel peak, and photon-assisted tunneling are also illustrated. Finally, brief evidence of a new form of oscillatory behavior associated with the Riedel peak is presented.