Natural Fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. Leaves, Including a New Quinolone Alkaloid

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Abstract
Bioassay-directed isolation of antifungal compounds from an ethyl acetate extract of Ruta graveolens leaves yielded two furanocoumarins, one quinoline alkaloid, and four quinolone alkaloids, including a novel compound, 1-methyl-2-[6‘-(3‘ ‘,4‘ ‘-methylenedioxyphenyl)hexyl]-4-quinolone. The 1H and 13C NMR assignments of the new compound are reported. Antifungal activities of the isolated compounds, together with 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxycoumarin, which are known to occur in Rutaceae species, were evaluated by bioautography and microbioassay. Four of the alkaloids had moderate activity against Colletotrichum species, including a benomyl-resistant C. acutatum. These compounds and the furanocoumarins 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen had moderate activity against Fusarium oxysporum. The novel quinolone alkaloid was highly active against Botrytis cinerea. Phomopsis species were much more sensitive to most of the compounds, with P. viticola being highly sensitive to all of the compounds. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea; Colletotrichum acutatum; C. fragariae; C. gloeosporioides; fungicide; furanocoumarin; Fusarium oxysporum; Phomopsis viticola; P. obscurans; psoralen; quinoline alkaloid; quinolone alkaloid; rue; Ruta graveolens