The time and duration of female meiosis in wheat, rye and barley

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Abstract
Few recent investigations have been made of female meiosis in cereals, and almost nothing is known about the duration of female meiosis in higher plants. Consequently, the time and duration of female meiosis in Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare and Secale cereale have been studied. The appearance of the embryo sac mother cell (e.m.c.) and of the meiotic nuclei during female meiosis in Hordeum vulgare is described and illustrated. In the species studied, each floret contains only one ovary with a single e.m.c., and meiosis is almost synchronous in the pollen mother cells from all three anthers. Consequently, it is possible to make precise comparisons between the stages of male and female development within individual florets. Data from these comparisons, together with knowledge previously determined of the duration of male meiosis in these species, allowed the estimation of the time and duration of female meiosis fairly accurately for T. aestivum and H. vulgare and approximately for S. cereale. The results showed that for H. vulgare and T. aestivum grown at 20 degrees C, the duration of female meiosis was very similar to the duration of male meiosis. Furthermore, on average male and female meiosis occurred almost synchronously. In S. cereale, however, male meiosis preceeded female meiosis by about 15 h. Growing T. aestivum under environmental stress induced asynchrony between male and female development at meiosis. Synchrony was not re-established after a long period under normal conditions. Nuclear DNA content and ploidy level are known to be important factors determining or affecting the duration of male meiosis. These factors appear to play an important role in controlling the duration of female meiosis also.
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