Magnetic resonance imaging of microbubbles in a superheated emulsion chamber for brachytherapy dosimetry

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Abstract
This paper describes development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for three‐dimensional (3D) imaging of a position‐sensitive detector for brachytherapy dosimetry. The detector is a 0.5 l chamber containing an emulsion of halocarbon‐115 droplets in a tissue‐equivalent glycerin‐based gel. The halocarbon droplets are highly superheated and expand into vapor microbubbles upon irradiation. Brachytherapy sources can be inserted into the superheated emulsion chamber to create distributions of bubbles. Three‐dimensional MRI of the chamber is then performed. A 3D gradient‐echo technique was optimized for spatial resolution and contrast between bubbles and gel. Susceptibility gradients at the interfaces between bubbles and gel are exploited to enhance contrast so microscopic bubbles can be imaged using relatively large voxel sizes. Three‐dimensional gradient‐echo images are obtained with an isotropic resolution of 300 μm over a field‐of‐view in an imaging time of 14 min. A post‐processing technique was developed to semi‐automatically segment the bubbles from the images and to assess dose distributions based on the measured bubble densities. Relative dose distributions are computed from MR images for a brachytherapy source and the results compare favorably to relative radial dose distributions calculated as recommended by Task Group 43 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine.