Chemical Softening and Wear of Dental Composites

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Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of chemical food-simulating liquids on the wear of various commercial dental composite restoratives. In many cases, pre-conditioning the restoratives in these liquids for one week produced swelling of the polymer matrix and considerable surface damage. The resulting degradation reduced the hardness and enhanced the wear as measured by a pin-and-disc apparatus. Four kinds of commercial composites were investigated: a conventional quartz-filled, a strontium-glass-filled, a visible-light-activated, and a micro filled composite. The liquids employed were heptane and several aqueous solutions of ethanol with solubility parameters, 8, ranging from δ = 1.5 to 4.8 × 104 J1/2m-3/2. With all restoratives, the decline in hardness during pre-conditioning maximized at about δ = 3 × 104, which corresponds to a 75% ethanol solution. The wear behavior was considerably more complicated and variable, as discussed in the text. For the most part, the increase in wear rate from pre-conditioning corresponded to the fall in hardness. A notable exception was for the strontium-glass-filled composite preconditioned in pure water. Here the wear was enhanced considerably, with no decrease in hardness. In this case, the degradation mode is assumed to be different from the others in that it is attributed to stress corrosion of the glass filler.