Rapid evolution and the cost of resistance toBacillus thuringiensisin greenhouse populations of cabbage loopers,Trichoplusia ni

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Abstract
The microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become the mainstay of non–chemical control of Lepidopteran pests, either as sprays or through the incorporation of Bt toxins into transgenic crops. Given the wide use of Bt, it is striking that currently only one pest species, Plutella xylostella, has been reported to have developed significant resistance to Bt outside the laboratory. By contrast, we report here the frequent and rapid development of resistance to B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Abbott) in populations of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, in commercial greenhouses. Resistance to Bt appears to be costly and there is a rapid decline of resistance in populations collected from greenhouses and maintained in the laboratory without selection. Management of pests resistant to Bt in vegetable greenhouses will require sporadic use of Bt–based sprays or alternatively use of sprays containing other Bt toxins.