Effects of Cocoa Extracts on Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation

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Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of procyanidins derived from cocoa on vascular smooth muscle. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) extracts of cocoa, which are rich in procyanidins, cause endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), and 2) extracts of cocoa activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The experiments were carried out on aortic rings obtained from New Zealand White rabbits. The polymeric procyanidins (tetramer through decamer of catechin) caused an EDR. In addition, the Ca2+-dependent NOS activity, measured by the L-arginine to L-citrulline conversion assay, was significantly increased in aortic endothelial cells exposed to polymeric procyanidins, whereas monomeric compounds had no such effect. These findings demonstrate that polymeric procyanidins cause an EDR that is mediated by activation of NOS.