Temperature-dependent Pyrethroid Resistance in a Pyrethroid-selected Colony of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

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Abstract
Laboratory selection of pyrethroid-tolerant, field-collected tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae produced a strain with highly temperature-dependant resistance to fenvalerate, flucythrinate, and permethrin. Negative temperature coefficients of toxicity at 26 versus 16°C are 27-, 138-, and 13-fold, respectively, for these three pyrethroids. These values are the largest ever reported for this species. At 16°C, the toxicity of two of the three pyrethroids examined approaches published values for susceptible strains at the same temperature. A knock-down type of resistance may be present because there is no significant effect on pyrethroid toxicity by piperonyl butoxide or S, S, S-tributyl phosphoro-thioate pretreatment, and because there is high cross-resistance to DDT. In the evaluation of crop-protection strategies, this form of resistance (which is severe at higher temperatures) could go unnoticed at low temperatures.