STUDIES IN STUTTERING

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Abstract
The two previous studies of this series1 indicated that clonic and tonic spasms, a marked degree of tension and increased activity of certain of the muscles of speech occur during stuttering; in addition to the muscles of speech, it is to be observed commonly that during the act of stuttering other and irrelevant muscles may also be involved: blinking of the eyes, grimacing of the face, tensing of the arms, hands, legs, back or neck, snapping the fingers, stamping the feet, etc. From these observations one obtains the impression that a considerable amount of energy is being liberated as a sort of motor overflow into unrelated channels during the attempt to speak; this study was undertaken to determine whether there might be an observable effect of such overflow on certain reflexes. Work bearing directly on this point has not been found. Lombard2 (1887), Dodge3 (1911) and Tuttle

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